Nad
less release
FIGURE 4 Steps in the phototransduction cascade of rods. (A) A rod photoreceptor in the depolarized state (blue) and in the hyperpolarized state (gray). Light changes 11-cis retinal to alltrans retinal, closes sodium channels, hyperpolarizes the rod, and decreases glutamate release. (B) Arrangement of molecules and components in the outer segment; four steps in the process of phototransduction are depicted: (1) In the dark-adapted state, cyclic guanidine monophosphate (cGMP) binds the sodium/calcium channel, allowing a continuous influx of sodium to keep the cell depolarized. (2) Light photoisomerizes the 11-cis retinal component of rhodopsin to all- trans retinal and allows rhodopsin to become meta-rhodopsin II. (3) Meta-rhodopsin II activates the G-protein transducin, which activates phosphodiesterase, which metabolizes cGMP and allows the sodium-calcium channel to close; closing the channel hyperpolarizes the rod (gray). (4) All-trans retinal diffuses away from the opsin and is carried by a series of retinal binding proteins to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), where isomerase converts it back to 11-cis retinal, which is carried back to the rod on retinal binding proteins where it binds to opsin and forms light-sensitive rhodopsin.
opsin
FIGURE 4 Steps in the phototransduction cascade of rods. (A) A rod photoreceptor in the depolarized state (blue) and in the hyperpolarized state (gray). Light changes 11-cis retinal to alltrans retinal, closes sodium channels, hyperpolarizes the rod, and decreases glutamate release. (B) Arrangement of molecules and components in the outer segment; four steps in the process of phototransduction are depicted: (1) In the dark-adapted state, cyclic guanidine monophosphate (cGMP) binds the sodium/calcium channel, allowing a continuous influx of sodium to keep the cell depolarized. (2) Light photoisomerizes the 11-cis retinal component of rhodopsin to all- trans retinal and allows rhodopsin to become meta-rhodopsin II. (3) Meta-rhodopsin II activates the G-protein transducin, which activates phosphodiesterase, which metabolizes cGMP and allows the sodium-calcium channel to close; closing the channel hyperpolarizes the rod (gray). (4) All-trans retinal diffuses away from the opsin and is carried by a series of retinal binding proteins to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), where isomerase converts it back to 11-cis retinal, which is carried back to the rod on retinal binding proteins where it binds to opsin and forms light-sensitive rhodopsin.
A second difference is that recycling of cone photopigments occurs within the cone and does not require involvement of the RPE.
Get Rid of Gallstones Naturally
One of the main home remedies that you need to follow to prevent gallstones is a healthy lifestyle. You need to maintain a healthy body weight to prevent gallstones. The following are the best home remedies that will help you to treat and prevent gallstones.
Post a comment